I had a similar experience today but a better outcome - at the moment that is, touch wood it continues to work.
I took the A/C control and MMI units out and tried to find a useful location inside to fix the generic antenna to. Very limited options, as you say, unless one is willing to take off other bits of trim and chase cables through (I wasn’t).
I decided I would put things back as they were and place the new antenna in the roof lining by using the existing extension cable to the shark fin. Once I’d put everything back together again I thought “just give it a quick test memzey to see if anything’s changed “ and lo and behold it was working fine! 9 satellites being picked up no less!! I suspect my problem was the cable connection to the back of the MMI unit which may have worked its way loose, there was definitely something awry with it at first.
All good now though apart from my endeavours have triggered the airbag light on the dash. I’ll try to pop to my mechanic in the coming days to get him to reset it for me as I don’t have an ODB reader - unless someone on these boards knows how I might be able to do it myself?